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.Almost all soils contain some moisture.G-10 FM 90-3APPENDIX HFRATRICIDEREDUCTIONThe problem of fratricide is as old as warfare itself.It is a complex problem thatdefies simple solutions.Fratricide is defined as the employment of friendlyweapons and munitions, with the intent to kill the enemy or destroy hisequipment or facilities that results in unforeseen and unintentional death or injuryto friendly personnel. This is obviously a broad definition.This appendixfocuses on actions leaders can take with current resources to reduce the risk offratricide.MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEMThe modern battlefield is more lethal than any in history.The pace of operationsis rapid, and the non-linear nature of the battlefield creates command and controlchallenges for all unit leaders.Our ability to acquire targets using thermal imagery exceeds our ability toaccurately identify targets as friend or foe.The accuracy and lethality of modemweapons make it possible to engage and destroy targets at these extendedacquisition ranges.Added to this is the problem of battlefield obscuration.Rain, dust, fog, smoke,and snow degrade the ability to identify targets by reducing the intensity andclarity of thermal images.The effects of battlefield obscuration must beconsidered when thermal identification is relied upon.On the battlefield, positive visual identification cannot be the sole engagementcriteria at ranges beyond 1,000 meters.Situational awareness is key and must bemaintained throughout an operation.The following are recommended actions to take at crew and leader level in theevent the crew are victims of friendly fires:" React to contact until you recognize friendly fire." Cease tire." Report on the next higher unit net That you are receiving friendly fire. The location and direction of the firing vehicle." Provide a visual recognition signal to cease fire." Protect troops, request medical assistance as needed." Do not return fire when you positively identify the firing unit as friendly.H-1 FM 90-3The following are recommended actions to take at crew and leader level whenthe crew are engaging friendly forces:" Cease tire." Report on next higher netThe engaged friendly force (if unknown, report number and type ofvehicles). The location.The direction and distance to victim.The type of fire.The target effects.The fol1owing are recommended actions to take at crew and leader level in theevent the crew observes a friendly fire incident:" Seek cover and protect self." Report on next higher net- The friendly force engaged.- The location of the incident.- The direction and distance to victim/firer.- The type of fire.- The target effects." Provide a visual friendly recognition signal." Provide assistance (when safe to do so) as needed.Leader actions should focus on identifying and stopping the friendly fire incidentand establishing controls to prevent its recurrence.Some recommended aCtionsfor identifying and stopping friendly fire incidents are-" Find and stop firing." Conduct in-stride risk assessment." Implement controls to preclude recurrence.PREVENTIVE MEASURESReduction of fratricide risk begins with the planning phase of an operation andcontinues through the execution of the operation.The following areconsiderations for identifying fratricide risks in the planning, preparation, andexecution phases of a given operation:" Planning phase.A good plan that is well understood helps to minimizefratricide risk.The following considerations help indicate the potentialfor fratricide in a given operation:The clarity of the enemy situation. The clarity of the friendly situation.H-2 FM 90-3- The clarity of the commander s intent. The complexity of the operation. The planning time available to all levels." Preparation phase.The following additional fratricide risks may becomeevident during rehearsals: Number and type of rehearsals. Training and proficiency levels of unit/individuals. The habitual relationships between units conducting the operation. The endurance of the troops conducting the operation." Execution phase.During execution, in-stride risk assessment and reactionare necessary to overcome unforeseen Fratricide risk situations.Thefollowing are factors to consider when assessing fratricide risks: Intervisibility between adjacent units. Amount of battlefield obscuration. Ability or inability to positively identify targets.- Equipment similarities and dissimilarities between enemy andfriendly vehicles. Vehicle density on the battlefield. The tempo of the battle.Graphics are a basic tool that commanders at all levels use to clarify their intent,add precision to their concept, and communicate their plan to subordinates.Assuch, graphics can be a very useful tool in reducing the risk of fratricide.Commanders at all levels must understand the definitions and pm-pose ofoperational graphics and the techniques of their employment.See FM 100-5-1for the definitions of each type of graphic control measure.Briefbacks and rehearsals are primary tools in identifying and reducing fratriciderisk.The following are some considerations on briefbacks and rehearsals to aidin reducing fratricide:" Briefbacks ensure subordinates understand their commander s intent.They often highlight areas of confusion, complexity, or planning errors." The type of rehearsal conducted impacts on the risks identified." Rehearsals should extend to all levels of command and involve all keyplayers." Use briefbacks or rehearsals to ensure subordinates know where fratriciderisks exist, and what to do to reduce or eliminate the risk.H-3 FM 90-3Maintaining situational awareness at all levels is key to fratricide reduction.Units must develop techniques to gain and maintain situational awareness inSOPS.Techniques could include" Eavesdropping on next higher net." Cross talk on radio between units." Accurate position reporting and navigation." Training and use/exchange of LOS.Risk assessment must be conducted at all levels during the planning, preparation,Identification of fratricide risk factors isand execution phases of all operations
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